Eldor, L., & Hodor, M. L., & Cappelli, P. (2023). The Limits of Psychological safety. Nonlinear Effect on Work Performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 177, Its core insights have been published at:

• Human Resources Executive, entitled as “Trying to drive psychological safety higher? Why it may backfire for HR”, October 2, 2023.
• Knowledge at Wharton, entitled as:” The Downside of Psychological Safety in the Workplace”, November 21, 2023.
• Fortune, entitled as:” If you make your employees feel too comfortable, they just won’t work as hard, study suggests”, October 19, 2023.

Abstract

While psychological safety climate is widely seen as having a positive relationship with work performance, there are compelling reasons as to why that may not always apply. We draw on cognitive psychology literature to suggest that high levels of psychological safety climate can actually harm the performance of routine tasks. The negative effect of high levels of psychological safety climate on these tasks can be moderated, however, by collective accountability. We find evidence for these propositions across five independent studies at different levels of analysis and organizational settings. We find that while moderate levels of psychological safety climate are associated with better in-role performance, high levels are associated with decreasing in-role performance. Collective accountability can buffer that decreasing performance. These results help identify the boundary conditions of psychological safety climate and extend research on it to organization-level and business outcomes with real-world consequences.

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